Desulfurization of Model Oil Fuel with CuW/TiO2?GO through Photocatalytic Oxidation
Keywords:
Desulfurization, oxidation, photocatalyst, graphene oxideAbstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was co-modified with copper, tungsten, and titanium oxide. The resulting samples were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption?desorption techniques. XRD analysis indicated the coexistence of TiO2, CuO, and WO3 in the catalysts. The catalytic performance of the resulting materials in the desulfurization of model oil fuel was evaluated using a photocatalytic reactor. The desulfurization rate, the refined oil yield, and the increase in the octane number of model oil reached 100%, 99.4%, and 1.6 units, respectively, under suitable conditions of a metal content of 10.3%, a metal ratio of 0.7, a reaction temperature of 313K, a reaction time of 1 h, a catalyst/oil ratio of 0.25.
References
. Bhasarkar, J. B.; Chakma, S.; Moholkar, V. S. Mechanistic Features of Oxidative Desulfurization Using Sono-Fenton-Peracetic Acid (Ultrasound /Fe2+-CH3COOH-H2O2) System. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res. 2013, 52, 9038?9047.
. Wang, L.; Cai, H.; Li, S.; Mominou, N. Ultra-deep Removal of Thiophene Compounds in Diesel Oil over Catalyst TiO2/Ni-ZSM-5 Assisted by Ultraviolet Irradiating. Fuel 2013, 105, 752?756.
. Lorencon, E.; Alves, D. C. B.; Krambrock, K.; A?vila, E. S.; Resende, R. R.; Ferlauto, A. S.; Lago, R. M. Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene over Titanate Nanotubes. Fuel 2014, 132, 53?61.
. Julia?o, D.; Gomes, A. C.; Pillinger, M.; Cunha-Silva, L.; de Castro, B.; Gonc?alves, I. S.; Balula, S. S. Desulfurization of Model Diesel by Extraction/Oxidation Using a Zinc-substituted Polyoxometalate as Catalyst under Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (MIL-101(Cr) Encapsulated) Conditions. Fuel Process. Technol. 2015, 131, 78?86.
. Shu, C.; Sun, T.; Zhang, H.; Jia, J.; Lou, Z. A Novel Process for Gasoline Desulfurization Based on Extraction with Ionic Liquids and Reduction by Sodium Borohydride. Fuel 2014, 121, 72?78.
. Tao, H.; Nakazato, T.; Sato, S. Ultra-deep Desulfurization of Kerosene Based on Selective Photooxidation and Adsorption. Fuel 2009, 88, 1961?1969.
. Ahmed, I.; Jhung, S. H. Adsorptive Desulfurization and Denitrogenation Using Metal-organic Frameworks. J. Hazard. Mater.2016, 301, 259?276.
. Jaimes, L.; Badillo, M.; de Lasa, H. FCC Gasoline Desulfurization Using a ZSM-5 Catalyst Interactive Effects of Sulfur Containing Species and Gasoline Components. Fuel 2011, 90, 2016?2025.
. Zhang, C.; Pan, X.; Wang, F.; Liu, X. Extraction-oxidation Desulfurization by Pyridinium-based Task-specific Ionic Liquids. Fuel 2012, 102, 580?584.
. Shangguan, J.; Zhao, Y.; Fan, H.; Liang, L.; Shen, F.; Miao, M. Desulfurization Behavior of Zinc Oxide Based Sorbent Modified by the Combination of Al2O3 and K2CO3. Fuel 2013, 108, 80?84.
. Gupta, M.; He, J.; Nguyen, T.; Petzold, F.; Fonseca, D.; Jasinski, J. B.; Sunkara, M. K. Nanowire Catalysts for Ultra-deep Hydrodesulfurization and Aromatic Hydrogenation. Appl. Catal., B 2016, 180, 246?254.
. Yu, S.; Pan, F.; Yang, S.; Ding, H.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Cao, X. Enhanced Pervaporation Performance of MIL-101 (Cr) Filled Polysiloxane Hybrid Membranes in Desulfurization of Model Gasoline. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 135, 479?488.
. Bhasarkar, J. B.; Chakma, S.; Moholkar, V. S. Investigations in Physical Mechanism of the Oxidative Desulfurization Process Assisted Simultaneously by Phase Transfer Agent and Ultrasound. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2015, 24, 98?106.
. Bhasarkar, J. B.; Dikshit, P. K.; Moholkar, V. S. Ultrasound Assisted Biodesulfurization of Liquid Fuel using Free and Immobilized Cells of Rhodococcus Rhodochrous MTCC 3552: A Mechanistic Investigation. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 187, 369?378.
. Zhang, K.; Liu, Y.; Tian, S.; Zhao, E.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C. Preparation of Bifunctional NiPb/ZnO-diatomite-ZSM-5 Catalyst and Its Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization Coupling Aromatization Performance in FCC Gasoline Upgrad ing Process. Fuel 2013, 104, 201?207.
. Al-Bogami, S. A.; de Lasa, H. I. Catalytic Conversion of Benzothiophene over a H-ZSM5 Based Catalyst. Fuel 2013, 108, 490?501.
. Wang, R.; Wan, J.; Li, Y.; Sun, H. A Further Catalysis Mechanism Study on Amberlyst 35 Resins Application in Alkylation Desulfurization of Gasoline. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 137, 59?68.
. Gu, Q.; Zhu, W.; Xun, S.; Chang, Y.; Xiong, J.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, W.; Zhu, F.; Li, H. Preparation of Highly Dispersed Tungsten Species within Mesoporous Silica by Ionic Liquid and Their Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Oxidative Desulfurization. Fuel 2014, 117, 667?673.
. Shu, C.; Sun, T.; Jia, J.; Lou, Z. Mild Process for Reductive Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel Using Sodium Borohydride in Situ Generated via Sodium Metaborate Electroreduction. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res. 2013, 52, 7660?7667.
. Zheng, D.; Zhu, W.; Xun, S.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, W.; Qin, Y.; Li, H. Deep Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Using Low-Temperature-Mediated Titanium Dioxide Catalyst in Ionic Liquids. Fuel 2015, 159, 446?453.
. Wang, L.; Shen, B.; Li, S. Model of Fluidized Catalytically Cracked (FCC) Gasoline Photochemical Desulfurization Reactor. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 1287?1293.
. Chakma, S.; Moholkar, V. S. Sonochemical Synthesis of Mesoporous ZrFe2O5 and its Application for Degradation of Recalcitrant Pollutants. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 53529?53542.
. Chakma, S.; Moholkar, V. S. Investigation in Mechanistic Issues of Sonocatalysis and Sonophotocatalysis using Pure and Doped Photocatalysts. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2015, 22, 287?299.
. Mohd Zaid, H. F.; Chong, F. K.; Abdul Mutalib, M. I. Photooxidative-Extractive Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Using Cu-Fe/TiO2 and Eutectic Ionic Liquid. Fuel 2015, 156, 54?62.
. Lu?, X.; Yang, W.; Quan, Z.; Lin, T.; Bai, L.; Wang, L.; Huang, F.; Zhao, Y. Enhanced Electron Transport in Nb-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles via Pressure-Induced Phase Transitions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 419?426.
. Williams, G.; Seger, B.; Kamat, P. V. TiO2-graphene Nanocomposites UV Assisted Photocatalytic Reduction of Graphene
. Lei, M.; Wang, N.; Zhu, L.; Xie, C.; Tang, H. A Peculiar Mechanism for the Photocatalytic Reduction of Decabromodiphenyl Ether over Reduced Graphene Oxide-TiO2 Photocatalyst. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 241, 207?215.
. Xiang, Q.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M. Graphene Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 782?796.
. Park, S.; Lee, K.-S.; Bozoklu, G.; Cai, W.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene Oxide Papers Modified by Divalentions-Enhancing Mechanical Properties via Chemical Cross-linking. ACS Nano 2008, 2,572?578.
. Irie, H.; Kamiya, K.; Shibanuma, T.; Miura, S.; Tryk, D. A.; Yokoyama, T.; Hashimoto, K. Visible Light-Sensitive Cu(II)-Grafted TiO2 Photocatalysts: Activities and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Analyses. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 10761?10766.
. Qiu, X.; Miyauchi, M.; Yu, H.; Irie, H.; Hashimoto, K. Visible Light Driven Cu(II)-(Sr1-yNay) (Ti1-xMox)O3 Photocatalysts Based on Conduction Band Control and Surface Ion Modification. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15259?15267.
. Yu, H.; Irie, H.; Hashimoto, K. Conduction Band Energy Level Control of Titanium Dioxide: Toward an Efficient Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6898?6899.
. Leflaive, P.; Lemberton, J. L.; Pe?rot, G.; Mirgain, C.; Carriat, J.Y.; Colin, J. M. On the Origin of Sulfur Impurities in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline-Reactivity of Thiophene Derivatives and of Their Possible Precursors under FCC Conditions. Appl. Catal., A 2002, 227, 201?215.
. Lee, M.; Yong, K. Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalysis of Novel CuS/ZnO Heterostructure Nanowire Arrays. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 4014?4019.
. Jing, L.; Zhou, W.; Tian, G.; Fu, H. Surface Tuning for Oxide based Nanomaterials as Efficient Photocatalyst. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 9509?9549.
. Rodríguez-Cabo, B.; Rodríguez, H.; Rodil, E.; Arce, A.; Soto, A. Extractive and Oxidative-extractive Desulfurization of Fuels with Ionic Liquids. Fuel 2014, 117, 882?889.
. Shand, M.; Anderson, J. A. Aqueous Phase Photocatalytic Nitrate Destruction Using Titania Based Materials: Routes to Enhanced Performance and Prospects for Visible Light Activation. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2013, 3, 879?899.
. Osterloh, F. E. Inorganic Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical and Photo -catalytic Water Splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2294?2320.
. Xiao, J.; Wu, L.; Wu, Y.; Liu, B.; Dai, L.; Li, Z.; Xia, Q.; Xi, H. Effect of Gasoline Composition on Oxidative Desulfurization Using a Phosphotungstic Acid/ Activated Carbon Catalyst with Hydrogen Peroxide. Appl. Energy 2014, 113, 78?85.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Applied Sciences: Current and Future Research Trends

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.